Spatial trends and human health risks of organochlorinated pesticides from bovine milk; a case study from a developing country, Pakistan

Bovine milk is a nutritious food commodity extensively produced and consumed in Punjab, Pakistan. This study assesses the concentration profile of organochlorine pesticides (OCP; 18 compounds) buffaloes cow’s eight major districts Pakistan potential impacts such exposure. The total OCPs samples ranged from 3.93 to 27.63 ng mL?1 14.64–77.93 respectively. overall pattern mean cows showed that Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are predominant followed by Heptachlors Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs). So far, depicted ?HCHs, ?DDTs ?Heptachlors did not exceed maximum residual limits set for milk. spatial trends terms cluster analysis significant variation (p > 0.05) among one probably owing local conditions. Furthermore, recently used DDTs were also identified at some selected districts. risk assessment suggests estimated daily intake each OCP was accordance with acceptable intake, thus single compound exposure does pose carcinogenic risk. However, hazard ratios indicated values posed adults consuming whereas children may face on consumption both buffalo be altered where mixture considered, furthermore, regarding risks continuous monitoring based ecological recommended future.